Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine
Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels are among the main reasons for the development of new biofuel technologies. In this sense, biodiesel represents a suitable alternative to fossil fuels, as it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and reduces emissions of hy...
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Transesterification Eggshells Calcium oxide Surfactant Distillation Emissions CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA QUIMICA |
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Transesterification Eggshells Calcium oxide Surfactant Distillation Emissions CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA QUIMICA Andrade, Maria Rosiane de Almeida Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine |
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Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels are among the main
reasons for the development of new biofuel technologies. In this sense, biodiesel represents a
suitable alternative to fossil fuels, as it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and reduces
emissions of hydrocarbons, sulfur, carbon monoxide and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The main
biodiesel production route is the methyl transesterification of triglycerides using a
homogeneous basic catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide. However, these catalysts produce
soap, and they are not recovered and reused, therefore the biodiesel purification process
generates a large amount of wastewater. In such a context, studies have been developed to
enable the use of heterogeneous catalysts, since they produce less waste and can be recovered
and reused. Among the most used catalysts, calcium oxide (CaO) can be mentioned. Therefore,
the present work uses calcined chicken eggshells as a catalyst for the methyl transesterification
reaction of soybean oil, and nonylphenol ethoxylated surfactants as interfacial tension reducing
agents, improving the contact between the phases. To assess the environmental impacts caused
by the production of biodiesel, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the biodiesel synthesis method
proposed in this work was carried out, using the surfactant and encompassing the catalyst
synthesis step. In addition, a comparative study of the environmental impacts generated with
the usual biodiesel manufacturing process using potassium hydroxide as a homogeneous
catalyst was also carried out. Another aspect evaluated in this work was the distillation of
biodiesel, where two fractions were obtained, one with a higher concentration of light esters
and another fraction with a higher concentration of heavy esters. The fractions obtained were
added to commercial diesel and the new fuels were tested in a diesel engine, in order to evaluate
the effect of these fractions on combustion and engine performance. The results showed that
the use of surfactants reduces the methanol/oil molar ratio and the reaction time. With the
addition of 1.5% of surfactant, using an oil alcohol molar ratio of 1:4 and 2% of catalyst, it was
possible to obtain a conversion greater than 90% for a reaction time of 1.5h. The LCA showed
that the production of biodiesel using the surfactant is 77% more eco-efficient and has less
environmental impacts than the usual process using KOH. The addition of distillate biodiesel
and its fractions to diesel promoted a lower specific consumption, as well as an increase in
thermal efficiency. With regard to the analysis of emissions, there was a reduction of up to 35%
in carbon monoxide emissions with the addition of biodiesel. |
| author2 |
Barros Neto, Eduardo Lins de |
| author_facet |
Barros Neto, Eduardo Lins de Andrade, Maria Rosiane de Almeida |
| format |
doctoralThesis |
| author |
Andrade, Maria Rosiane de Almeida |
| author_sort |
Andrade, Maria Rosiane de Almeida |
| title |
Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine |
| title_short |
Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine |
| title_full |
Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine |
| title_fullStr |
Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine |
| title_sort |
biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine |
| publisher |
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| url |
https://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/50059 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT andrademariarosianedealmeida biodieselsynthesislifecycleassessmentandperformanceinadieselengine |
| _version_ |
1797696538733969408 |
| spelling |
ri-123456789-500592024-03-19T04:03:12Z Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine Andrade, Maria Rosiane de Almeida Barros Neto, Eduardo Lins de http://lattes.cnpq.br/1856988565348066 http://lattes.cnpq.br/2811639726261017 Lavoie, Jean Michel Nunes, Andrea Oliveira http://lattes.cnpq.br/7620659413250570 Vasconcelos, Bruna Rêgo de Lopes, Francisco Wendell Bezerra Silva Neto, José Mariano da Transesterification Eggshells Calcium oxide Surfactant Distillation Emissions CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA QUIMICA Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels are among the main reasons for the development of new biofuel technologies. In this sense, biodiesel represents a suitable alternative to fossil fuels, as it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and reduces emissions of hydrocarbons, sulfur, carbon monoxide and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The main biodiesel production route is the methyl transesterification of triglycerides using a homogeneous basic catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide. However, these catalysts produce soap, and they are not recovered and reused, therefore the biodiesel purification process generates a large amount of wastewater. In such a context, studies have been developed to enable the use of heterogeneous catalysts, since they produce less waste and can be recovered and reused. Among the most used catalysts, calcium oxide (CaO) can be mentioned. Therefore, the present work uses calcined chicken eggshells as a catalyst for the methyl transesterification reaction of soybean oil, and nonylphenol ethoxylated surfactants as interfacial tension reducing agents, improving the contact between the phases. To assess the environmental impacts caused by the production of biodiesel, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the biodiesel synthesis method proposed in this work was carried out, using the surfactant and encompassing the catalyst synthesis step. In addition, a comparative study of the environmental impacts generated with the usual biodiesel manufacturing process using potassium hydroxide as a homogeneous catalyst was also carried out. Another aspect evaluated in this work was the distillation of biodiesel, where two fractions were obtained, one with a higher concentration of light esters and another fraction with a higher concentration of heavy esters. The fractions obtained were added to commercial diesel and the new fuels were tested in a diesel engine, in order to evaluate the effect of these fractions on combustion and engine performance. The results showed that the use of surfactants reduces the methanol/oil molar ratio and the reaction time. With the addition of 1.5% of surfactant, using an oil alcohol molar ratio of 1:4 and 2% of catalyst, it was possible to obtain a conversion greater than 90% for a reaction time of 1.5h. The LCA showed that the production of biodiesel using the surfactant is 77% more eco-efficient and has less environmental impacts than the usual process using KOH. The addition of distillate biodiesel and its fractions to diesel promoted a lower specific consumption, as well as an increase in thermal efficiency. With regard to the analysis of emissions, there was a reduction of up to 35% in carbon monoxide emissions with the addition of biodiesel. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq As reduções nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa e o esgotamento dos combustíveis fósseis estão entre as principais razões para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de biocombustíveis. Nesse sentido, o biodiesel representa uma alternativa adequada aos combustíveis fósseis, pois é renovável, biodegradável, não tóxico e reduz as emissões de hidrocarbonetos, enxofre, monóxido de carbono e hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos. A principal rota de produção do biodiesel é a transesterificação metílica de triglicerídeos utilizando um catalisado básico homogêneo, como o hidróxido de potássio. No entanto, esses catalisadores produzem sabão, não são recuperados e reutilizados e o processo de purificação do biodiesel gera uma grande quantidade de águas residuais. Nesse sentido, estudos têm sido desenvolvidos para viabilizar a utilização de catalisadores heterogêneos, uma vez que produzem menos resíduos e podem ser recuperados e reutilizados. Dentre os catalizadores mais utilizados podese citar o óxido de cálcio (CaO). Diante disso, o presente trabalho utiliza cascas de ovos de galinha calcinada como catalisador da reação de transesterificação metílica do óleo de soja, e o tensoativos nonilfenol etoxilados como agentes redutores da tensão interfacial, melhorando o contato entre as fases. Para avaliar os impactos ambientais causados com a produção do biodiesel, foi realizada a avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) do método de síntese do biodiesel proposto nesse trabalho, utilizando o tensoativo e englobando a etapa de síntese do catalisador. Além disso, também foi realizado um estudo comparativo dos impactos ambientais gerados com o processo de fabricação usual do biodiesel utilizando o hidróxido de potássio como catalisador homogêneo. Um outro aspecto avaliado neste trabalho foi a destilação do biodiesel, onde foram obtidas duas frações, uma com maior concentração dos ésteres leves e outra fração com uma maior concentração de ésteres pesados. As frações obtidas foram adicionadas ao diesel comercial e os novos combustíveis foram testados em um motor diesel, a fim de avaliar o efeito dessas frações na combustão e performance do motor. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização de tensoativos reduz a razão molar metanol/óleo e o tempo de reação. Com a adição de 1.5% de tensoativo, utilizando uma razão molar óleo álcool de 1:4 e 2 % de catalisador foi possível obter uma conversão superior a 90% para um tempo reacional de 1.5h. A ACV mostrou que a produção do biodiesel utilizando o tensoativo é 77% mais eco-eficiente e que apresenta menos impactos ambientais que o processo usual utilizando o KOH. A adição do biodiesel destilado e de suas frações ao diesel promoveu um menor consumo específico, bem como um aumento na eficiência térmica. No que se refere as análises de emissões, houve uma redução de até 35% nas emissões do monóxido de carbono com a adição do biodiesel. 2024-11-15 2022-12-08T23:23:43Z 2022-09-14 doctoralThesis ANDRADE, Maria Rosiane de Almeida. Biodiesel: synthesis, life cycle assessment, and performance in a diesel engine. Orientador: Eduardo Lins de Barros Neto. 2022. 119f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Química) - Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2022. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/50059 pt_BR Acesso Embargado application/pdf Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Brasil UFRN PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA QUÍMICA |